Federalist No. 10 Voters—particularly
in the Evergreen State—are
fond of lamenting that "there’s no difference between the Democrats and
the Republicans," and that parties ought to "stand for something."
Of course, many of these voters also wailed last year when the U.S. Ninth Circuit
Court of Appeals determined
that, gosh, political parties are private groups after all with a
1st-Amendment-protected right to free assembly, including the right to control how
their candidates get nominated. The corollary to Duverger’s Law is
that—in general elections—parties will try to minimize their differences
in order to capture the political center, with the resulting focus (baffling to my
French wife) on candidates rather than on ideology. The ideological battles,
then, are shifted to the nomination process. It is no coincidence that the
movement towards widespread state Presidential caucuses and primary elections has
followed the increasing role of television advertising in political campaigns.
Before television came to play such a dominant role, nominees
were selected by the party faithful, who were just that; they volunteered their
time and energy, they did favors and kept cronies, they argued over the platform
and (usually) toed the party line. Most Americans had little input into the
nomination process, which took place in the proverbial "smoke-filled
room." Meanwhile in the state of Washington, voters felt a sufficient
abhorrence of "faction" to institute the
blanket
primary, allowing anyone to vote for the candidates of any party in primary
elections "without a declaration of political faith or adherence on the part
of the voter." So long as primaries played a lesser role in nominating
Presidential candidates (and so long as the Washington delegations remained
negligibly small), the national parties saw little need to challenge
Washington’s "impure" primaries.
As presidential politics entered the age of television, national
campaigning became much more expensive. Running for the nomination of
one’s party required a greater investment of time and money. To minimize
the waste from unsuccessful intra-party campaigning, the parties decided that the
first primary contests should take place in small states with "retail"
political markets, so that unviable candidates could be weeded out before the
candidates presented themselves to the larger television markets. Thus the
privileged status of Iowa and New Hampshire. Soon voters in other states (and
unsympathetic to the advertising pressures on the parties) began to agitate that
their primaries be advanced, lest the nominees be selected before their primaries
take place. Note that while the parties are private organizations, the
primary elections and caucuses are at least partially funded by the states.
The states agree to this because the (local) voters demand it, but the (national)
parties agree to this because they receive state-financed polling data.
Of course, the type of primary
will influence the nature of the results. The greater party affiliation
required by the primary, the more extreme the candidates will be. As immoderate
as Washington’s politics have been, Washington’s blanket primary may have
been the most moderate sampling of presidential candidates available prior to the
general election. But, just as many political operatives prefer lower voter
turnout to minimize statistical deviation, both national parties determined that
allowing "unfaithful" voters to participate in primary elections would
taint the sample, eventually compelling the state parties to bring the suit that
ended the blanket primary.
My own experience with presidential primaries in Washington is
limited, but I believe it illustrates that the nature of the primary matters less
than the motivation of the voter. I gave the caucus a miss in 1988, as
apparently many other did; Washington’s delegations to the national
conventions were pledged to Rev. Jesse Jackson and Rev. Pat Robertson. My
youthful idealism was still intact in 1992, when I attended my Democratic caucus
(in the heart of Darkest
Bellevue) and voted for Al Franken Paul Tsongas. I even hung
around to insist that our district caucus consider adding "payment of
outstanding United Nations dues" to the party platform (how precious!).
The blanket primary had its greatest virtue/flaw in elections
when one party had no serious contest, because faithful members of the
uncontested party could sabotage the other party’s results. In 1996,
I considered participating in the Republican primary in order to vote for whom I
considered to be the weakest candidate, but I couldn’t make up my mind who
that should have been. In 2000, however, I wanted to vote in the Republican
primary for John McCain, not just because I thought he would be a better president
than Bush, but because I thought it would make for a better campaign.
Washington’s primary rules were in flux that year, and in order to vote for
McCain one had to (falsely, in my case) declare that one considered oneself a
Republican. Before I could commit this fraud I had to ask my grandfather
(the original Yellow Dog Democrat) for
permission, which was easy enough to secure as he was voting for McCain as
well. In the end, I managed to find my own share of ignominy before
Scalia could give a shout-out
to his peeps.
Even though I had no grounds to question the apparent media
consensus that Kerry had the nomination sewn up, I was too terrified of another
four years of the Bush Administration not to do what little I could to influence
the Democratic nomination, so yesterday morning I brewed a pot of dark,
soul-clarifying coffee, filled my thermos and drove to the neighborhood high
school for a . . . discourse with desperate Democrats, chary Independents,
and devious Republicans, all claiming to be Democrats For A Day.
Proving the words
of Will Rogers, the lack of preparation in evidence was cause for all faithful
Democrats to despair. Several hundred people crowded into the cafeteria,
searching for their precincts, which were only demarcated by hand-made signs held
aloft by the most recent arrival taller than 180cm. Forty-five minutes of
Brownian motion was brought to an end by the district chair taking wayward voters
one by one calling out their precincts, and asking those precincts to make their
location known. I imagine our precinct was not alone in not already having
a Precinct Committee Officer who would be familiar with the caucus procedures; as
it was, our hastily-elected-by-acclamation caucus chair spent those forty-five
minutes reading and explaining the caucus rules, only to have to repeat the
process with a couple of late arrivals who challenged his interpretation of its
Byzantine
decreta.
Twenty-four registered voters signed in at our precinct, which
had been allotted five delegates to the legislative district caucus on 01 May
2004. A candidate would therefore require 4 (3.6) votes to meet the 15%
threshhold to be eligible to receive delegates. The initial vote:
Dean | 9 | |
Kerry | 7 | |
Clark | 3 | |
Uncommitted | 3 | |
Edwards | 2 |
Kerry | 11 | |
Dean | 8 | |
Clark | 4 | |
Edwards | 1 |